Sinusitis

Sinusitis may be classified as:

• Acute sinusitis: Lasts less than four weeks and often follows a viral infection

• Subacute sinusitis: Persists for 4–12 weeks

• Chronic sinusitis: Lasts longer than 12 weeks and is often associated with ongoing inflammation or structural issues

• Recurrent sinusitis: Occurs several times per year

Identifying the type of sinusitis is essential for effective treatment planning.

Sinus inflammation and blockage may be caused by:

• Viral upper respiratory infections

• Bacterial infections

• Allergic rhinitis

• Nasal polyps

• Deviated nasal septum

• Fungal infections (in selected cases)

• Environmental irritants such as dust, smoke, or pollution

Environmental factors such as dry air and air-conditioning can contribute to sinus irritation in some individuals.

Common symptoms include:

• Nasal congestion or blockage

• Thick nasal discharge

• Facial pain or pressure

• Reduced sense of smell or taste

• Headache, especially when bending forward

• Postnasal drip

• Cough, sore throat, or bad breath

• Fatigue

Symptoms that persist beyond 10 days or recur frequently should be evaluated by an ENT specialist.

Diagnosis is based on clinical evaluation and may include:

• Nasal endoscopy to visualize inflammation, polyps, or obstruction

• CT or MRI imaging to assess sinus anatomy and extent of disease

• Allergy testing when allergic triggers are suspected

• Sinus cultures in chronic or resistant infections

Accurate diagnosis helps guide targeted treatment and prevent recurrence.

Treatment depends on the cause, severity, and duration of symptoms.

Medication Therapy

Medical management may include:

• Nasal corticosteroid sprays to reduce inflammation

• Saline nasal irrigation to improve mucus clearance

• Antibiotics when bacterial infection is confirmed

• Antihistamines and decongestants for allergy-related symptoms

• Pain relievers for facial discomfort

Medication selection is based on clinical findings and individual needs.

Allergy Management

For allergy-related sinusitis, management may include allergen avoidance, antihistamines, nasal sprays, or immunotherapy when indicated.

Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery (FESS)

Surgery may be recommended when medical treatment is not effective. FESS is a minimally invasive procedure performed using an endoscope to remove blockages, polyps, or inflamed tissue, improving sinus drainage and airflow.

Balloon Sinus Dilation

This minimally invasive technique widens sinus openings using a small balloon, restoring drainage with minimal tissue disruption. It may be suitable for selected patients with mild to moderate chronic sinusitis.

Lifestyle and Home Care Measures

Supportive measures may include:

• Regular saline nasal rinses

• Use of humidifiers

• Adequate hydration

• Avoidance of smoke and pollutants

• Early treatment of colds and allergies

These measures complement medical therapy and help reduce recurrence.

Chronic sinusitis often requires long-term management, including:

• Ongoing monitoring of inflammation

• Maintenance nasal sprays

• Management of underlying allergies or polyps

• Follow-up imaging or procedures if needed

Most acute sinus infections resolve with appropriate treatment. Chronic sinusitis may require ongoing care, but symptom control and improved quality of life are achievable with proper management.

Preventive measures include:

• Managing allergies effectively

• Avoiding irritants and smoke

• Practicing good hand hygiene

• Using humidifiers in dry environments

• Regular nasal irrigation

Treatment cost depends on:

• Diagnostic tests required

• Medication or procedure type

• Complexity of the condition

• Follow-up care

Cost details are discussed during clinical evaluation based on the treatment plan.