Uterine Polyps

Uterine polyps form when the endometrial tissue grows excessively and protrudes into the uterine cavity. They may be:

• Single or multiple

• Small or several centimeters in size

• Attached by a narrow stalk or a broad base

Polyps are influenced by hormonal changes, especially estrogen. While most are noncancerous, a small number may show abnormal or precancerous changes, particularly in postmenopausal women. For this reason, proper evaluation and monitoring are important.

The exact cause of uterine polyps is not always known, but factors associated with increased risk include:

• Hormonal imbalance

• Perimenopause and menopause

• Obesity

• High blood pressure

• Hormone replacement therapy

• Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

• Family history of endometrial conditions

A complete medical assessment helps determine appropriate management.

Some women have no symptoms, and polyps are discovered during routine imaging. When symptoms occur, they may include:

• Irregular or unpredictable menstrual cycles

• Heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding

• Spotting between periods

• Bleeding after menopause

• Pelvic discomfort

• Pain during intercourse

• Difficulty conceiving

Persistent or unusual bleeding should always be evaluated by a gynecologist.

Accurate diagnosis is essential to determine the appropriate treatment approach. At CosmeSurge, evaluation may include:

Pelvic ultrasound
Identifies abnormal growths inside the uterus.

Sonohysterography
A saline solution improves visualization of the uterine cavity during ultrasound.

Hysteroscopy
A thin camera is inserted through the cervix to directly examine the uterine cavity.

Endometrial biopsy
A small tissue sample may be taken to rule out abnormal or malignant cells when indicated.

These methods allow precise assessment before recommending treatment.

Treatment depends on symptoms, polyp size, age, menopausal status, and fertility goals.

1. Observation and Monitoring

Small, symptom-free polyps may be monitored with periodic ultrasound, especially in premenopausal women.

2. Medical Management

Hormonal therapy may be used to temporarily reduce symptoms by regulating the endometrial lining. Options may include:

• Progestins

• Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues

Medication is usually considered a short-term option, as polyps may recur once treatment is stopped.

3. Minimally Invasive Surgical Treatment

Surgical removal is recommended when polyps cause symptoms, affect fertility, or show concerning features.

Hysteroscopic Polypectomy
This is the preferred method for removing uterine polyps. A hysteroscope is inserted through the vagina and cervix, allowing precise removal without external incisions.

Dilation and Curettage (D&C)
In selected cases, this may be combined with hysteroscopy to remove residual tissue.

These procedures are usually performed as day-care procedures with minimal discomfort and fast recovery.

Most patients return to normal daily activities within 1–2 days after hysteroscopic treatment.

Post-procedure care may include:

• Avoiding heavy exercise for a short period

• Temporary abstinence from intercourse until bleeding stops

• Prescribed medications if needed

• Follow-up visits and imaging as advised

Regular monitoring helps detect recurrence early, especially in women with hormonal risk factors.

If symptomatic polyps are not treated, they may lead to:

• Persistent abnormal bleeding

• Iron-deficiency anemia

• Fertility challenges

• Rarely, precancerous or cancerous changes

Early diagnosis allows timely and effective treatment.